C++继承中的对象构造与析构和赋值重载详解
2026/5/22 9:18:37 网站建设 项目流程

一、构造/析构顺序及继承性

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classA

{

private:

int_a;

public:

A(inta = 0): _a(a)

{

cout <<"A()"<<this<< endl;

}

~A()

{

cout <<"~A()"<<this<<endl;

}

};

classB :publicA

{

private:

int_b;

public:

B(intb): _b(b), A()

{

cout <<"B()"<<this<< endl;

}

~B()

{

cout <<"~B()"<<this<<endl;

}

};

结论:

1.构造顺序:先构造基类,后构造派生类

2.析构顺序:先析构派生类,后析构基类

二、拷贝构造的继承性

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classA

{

private:

int_a;

public:

A(inta = 0): _a(a)

{

cout <<"A()"<<this<< endl;

}

A(constA& src): _a(src._a)

{

cout <<"A(const A& src)"<<this<< endl;

}

~A()

{

cout <<"~A()"<<this<<endl;

}

};

classB :publicA

{

private:

int_b;

public:

B(intb): _b(b), A()

{

cout <<"B()"<<this<< endl;

}

B(constB& src): _b(src._b)

{

cout <<"B(const B& src)"<<this<< endl;

}

~B()

{

cout <<"~B()"<<this<<endl;

}

};

结论:

1.先调用基类缺省的构造函数,后调用派生类的拷贝构造函数

2.若派生类没有缺省构造函数A(),就会报错

疑惑:如何去调用基类的拷贝构造而不是缺省构造

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#include<iostream>

usingnamespacestd;

classA

{

private:

int_a;

public:

A(inta = 0) : _a(a)

{

cout <<"A()"<<this<< endl;

}

A(constA& src) : _a(src._a)

{

cout <<"A(const A& src)"<<this<< endl;

}

~A()

{

cout <<"~A()"<<this<< endl;

}

};

classB :publicA

{

private:

int_b;

public:

B(intb) : _b(b), A()

{

cout <<"B()"<<this<< endl;

}

B(constB& src) : _b(src._b), A(src)//发生赋值兼容规则(切片)

{

cout <<"B(const B& src)"<<this<< endl;

}

~B()

{

cout <<"~B()"<<this<< endl;

}

};

intmain()

{

B b(10);

B b1(b);

return0;

}

结果:

将B类型src传递给A类型的A(const A& src)拷贝构造函数,发生了赋值兼容规则(切片现象)

三、赋值重载不具有继承性

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#include<iostream>

usingnamespacestd;

classA

{

private:

int_a;

public:

A(inta = 0) : _a(a)

{

cout <<"A()"<<this<< endl;

}

A(constA& src) : _a(src._a)

{

cout <<"A(const A& src)"<<this<< endl;

}

A& operator=(constA& src)

{

if(this!= &src)

{

_a = src._a;

cout <<"A& operator=(const A& src)"<< endl;

}

}

~A()

{

cout <<"~A()"<<this<< endl;

}

};

classB :publicA

{

private:

int_b;

public:

B(intb) : _b(b), A()

{

cout <<"B()"<<this<< endl;

}

B(constB& src) : _b(src._b), A(src)//发生赋值兼容规则(切片)

{

cout <<"B(const B& src)"<<this<< endl;

}

B& operator=(constB& src)

{

if(this!= &src)

{

_b = src._b;

cout <<"B& operator=(const B& src)"<< endl;

}

}

~B()

{

cout <<"~B()"<<this<< endl;

}

};

intmain()

{

B b1(10);

B b2(20);

b1 = b2;

return0;

}

结论:默认情况下仅仅调用了派生类的对象的赋值重载,并未调用基类的赋值重载。

解决方案:

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#include<iostream>

usingnamespacestd;

classA

{

private:

int_a;

public:

A(inta = 0) : _a(a)

{

cout <<"A()"<<this<< endl;

}

A(constA& src) : _a(src._a)

{

cout <<"A(const A& src)"<<this<< endl;

}

A& operator=(constA& src)

{

if(this!= &src)

{

_a = src._a;

cout <<"A& operator=(const A& src)"<< endl;

}

}

~A()

{

cout <<"~A()"<<this<< endl;

}

};

classB :publicA

{

private:

int_b;

public:

B(intb) : _b(b), A()

{

cout <<"B()"<<this<< endl;

}

B(constB& src) : _b(src._b), A(src)//发生赋值兼容规则(切片)

{

cout <<"B(const B& src)"<<this<< endl;

}

B& operator=(constB& src)

{

if(this!= &src)

{

*(A*)this= src;//将调用基类赋值重载

_b = src._b;

cout <<"B& operator=(const B& src)"<< endl;

}

}

~B()

{

cout <<"~B()"<<this<< endl;

}

};

intmain()

{

B b1(10);

B b2(20);

b1 = b2;

return0;

}

总结

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